- Abnormalities of the Pupil
- Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis (AKC)
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (periocular)
- Blepharitis (Lid Margin Disease)
- CL-associated Papillary Conjunctivitis (CLAPC), Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC)
- Cellulitis, preseptal and orbital
- Chalazion (Meibomian cyst)
- Concretions
- Conjunctival pigmented lesions
- Conjunctival scarring
- Conjunctivitis (Acute Allergic)
- Conjunctivitis (bacterial)
- Conjunctivitis (viral, non-herpetic)
- Conjunctivitis (seasonal & perennial allergic)
- Conjunctivitis, Chlamydial
- Conjunctivitis medicamentosa (also Dermatoconjunctivitis medicamentosa)
- Corneal (or other superficial ocular) foreign body
- Corneal Transplant Rejection
- Corneal abrasion
- Corneal hydrops
- Dacryocystitis (acute)
- Dacryocystitis (chronic)
- Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, KCS)
- Ectropion
- Endophthalmitis (post-operative) (Exogenous endophthalmitis)
- Entropion
- Episcleritis
- Facial palsy (Bell's Palsy)
- Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD)
- Glaucoma (chronic open angle) (COAG)
- Herpes Simplex Keratitis (HSK)
- Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)
- Hordeolum
- Keratitis (marginal)
- Keratitis, CL-associated infiltrative
- Microbial keratitis (Acanthamoeba sp.)
- Microbial keratitis (bacterial, fungal)
- Molluscum contagiosum
- Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (nasolacrimal drainage dysfunction)
- Ocular hypertension (OHT)
- Ocular rosacea
- Ophthalmia neonatorum
- Photokeratitis (Ultraviolet [UV] burn, Arc eye, Snow Blindness)
- Phthiriasis (pediculosis ciliaris)
- Pigmented fundus lesions
- Pinguecula
- Post-operative suture breakage
- Primary Angle Closure / Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma (PAC / PACG)
- Pterygium
- Recurrent corneal epithelial erosion syndrome
- Retinal Vein Occlusion
- Scleritis
- Steroid-related Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma
- Sub-conjunctival haemorrhage
- Sub-tarsal foreign body (STFB)
- Trauma (blunt)
- Trauma (chemical)
- Trauma (penetrating)
- Trichiasis
- Uveitis (anterior)
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
- Vitreomacular Traction and Macular Hole
- How to use the Clinical Management Guidelines
Trauma (penetrating)
Contents
Aetiology
Partial or full-thickness injury of outer wall of eye caused by sharp object
Common causes include: assault, industrial or work-related accident, DIY injury
Predisposing factors
Male:female = 3:1
Failure to wear suitable eye protection.
Symptoms of penetrating trauma
History of trauma
Pain
Visual loss
Signs of penetrating trauma
Lid laceration: assess depth, contamination and whether canaliculi involved
Conjunctiva
- hyperaemia and chemosis
- look for foreign bodies
- assess depth of any conjunctival laceration
Corneal laceration
- check depth
- check for signs of perforation (shallow or flat AC, Seidel test +ve)
- possible iris damage (iridodialysis) ± iris prolapse into wound
Lens
- may be subluxated, dislocated, absent, or cataractous
Scleral laceration
Irregular pupil
Iris prolapse
Commotio retinae
Vitreous haemorrhage
Risk of (bilateral) sympathetic ophthalmia (SO)
- incidence from a 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis= 0.19%
- onset of SO can be acute or insidious, and can presentdays to years after the inciting event. Most cases of SO occur within one year and often have recurrent periodsof exacerbation
Differential diagnosis
Management by optometrist
Practitioners should recognise their limitations and where necessary seek further advice or refer the patient elsewhere
Non pharmacological
DO NOT APPLANATE OR EXERT PRESSURE ON EYE
Take a careful history
- patient’s description of events leading to trauma
- nature of any known foreign body, its speed and size
- check tetanus status
- in cases of suspected IOFB, dilated fundus examination
If there is any suspicion of a full-thickness laceration of the globe
- do not exert any pressure on the eye (including forcing the lids open)
- advise patient not to cough or strain
Check VA (important even if pain and swollen lids make that difficult)
Protect eye by taping over it a rigid plastic shield (e.g. cartella)
If penetrating object is still in the eye do not be tempted to remove it
If iris protrudes from wound do not attempt to push it back
Advise patient to take nil by mouth (except as below*)
(GRADE*: Level of evidence=low, Strength of recommendation=strong)
Pharmacological
Topical anaesthetic (to aid examination), systemic pain relief and antiemetic as required
*To assist swallowing of tablets, a small amount of water is permissible
(GRADE*: Level of evidence=low, Strength of recommendation=strong)
Management category
A2: first aid followed by immediate referral; no intervention. Emphasise to the patient the urgency of the condition and instruct them to attend the local hospital eye department or hospital A&E the same day, explaining that you will leave a message so that they are expected. Telephone the department to explain what you have done, preferably leaving your message with a doctor or other health care professional.
Possible management by ophthalmologist
Orbital X-ray, ultrasound, other investigations
Surgical management of penetrating injury
Prophylaxis of intra-ocular infection
Follow-up includes examination for possible sympathetic ophthalmia affecting fellow eye (occurs in 0.1% of cases of penetrating trauma)
Evidence base
*GRADE: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (www.gradeworkinggroup.org)
Sources of evidence
Eye trauma. 2018 BMJ Best Practice
He B, Tanya SM, Wang C, KezouhA, Torun N, Ing E. The incidence of sympathetic ophthalmia after trauma: A meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021 Jul 17:S0002-9394(21)00364-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.06.036. (Online ahead of print)
Kuhn F, Morris R, Witherspoon CD, Mester V. The Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology system (BETT). J Fr Ophtalmol. 2004;27(2):206-10
Lecuona K. Assessing and managing eye injuries. Community Eye Health. 2005;18(55):101-4
Summary
What is Penetrating Trauma of the eye?
Full or partial penetration of the outer coat of the eye (the clear part, the cornea or the white part, the sclera) can result from industrial, work-related or DIY injuries, or from assaults with sharp objects. Such injuries occur three times as frequently in males as in females. Because they are so close to the eyeball, the eyelids may be injured also.
How is Penetrating Trauma of the eye managed?
The optometrist will check the vision and examine the injured eye to discover the extent of the damage and whether there is full or partial penetration. Any foreign bodies will be noted but not removed. Evidence of damage to the internal structures of the eyeball, such as the lens of the eye, will be looked for.
The optometrist will prescribe or supply pain relief if necessary and make arrangements for the ophthalmologist to see the patient as soon as possible on the same day.
The ophthalmologist, having examined the patient, may arrange investigations such as X-rays or ultrasound and will decide on whether surgery is necessary, and if so how soon. In penetrating injury there is a very rare risk of inflammation in the other eye, a possibility that will be watched for as the patient is followed up.
Trauma (penetrating)
Version 11
Date of search 12.09.21
Date of revision 25.11.21
Date of publication 07.04.22
Date for review 11.09.23
© College of Optometrists
- Abnormalities of the Pupil
- Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis (AKC)
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (periocular)
- Blepharitis (Lid Margin Disease)
- CL-associated Papillary Conjunctivitis (CLAPC), Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC)
- Cellulitis, preseptal and orbital
- Chalazion (Meibomian cyst)
- Concretions
- Conjunctival pigmented lesions
- Conjunctival scarring
- Conjunctivitis (Acute Allergic)
- Conjunctivitis (bacterial)
- Conjunctivitis (viral, non-herpetic)
- Conjunctivitis (seasonal & perennial allergic)
- Conjunctivitis, Chlamydial
- Conjunctivitis medicamentosa (also Dermatoconjunctivitis medicamentosa)
- Corneal (or other superficial ocular) foreign body
- Corneal Transplant Rejection
- Corneal abrasion
- Corneal hydrops
- Dacryocystitis (acute)
- Dacryocystitis (chronic)
- Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, KCS)
- Ectropion
- Endophthalmitis (post-operative) (Exogenous endophthalmitis)
- Entropion
- Episcleritis
- Facial palsy (Bell's Palsy)
- Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD)
- Glaucoma (chronic open angle) (COAG)
- Herpes Simplex Keratitis (HSK)
- Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)
- Hordeolum
- Keratitis (marginal)
- Keratitis, CL-associated infiltrative
- Microbial keratitis (Acanthamoeba sp.)
- Microbial keratitis (bacterial, fungal)
- Molluscum contagiosum
- Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (nasolacrimal drainage dysfunction)
- Ocular hypertension (OHT)
- Ocular rosacea
- Ophthalmia neonatorum
- Photokeratitis (Ultraviolet [UV] burn, Arc eye, Snow Blindness)
- Phthiriasis (pediculosis ciliaris)
- Pigmented fundus lesions
- Pinguecula
- Post-operative suture breakage
- Primary Angle Closure / Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma (PAC / PACG)
- Pterygium
- Recurrent corneal epithelial erosion syndrome
- Retinal Vein Occlusion
- Scleritis
- Steroid-related Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma
- Sub-conjunctival haemorrhage
- Sub-tarsal foreign body (STFB)
- Trauma (blunt)
- Trauma (chemical)
- Trauma (penetrating)
- Trichiasis
- Uveitis (anterior)
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
- Vitreomacular Traction and Macular Hole
- How to use the Clinical Management Guidelines
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